Meningioma is a type of brain tumour that originates from the meninges, the protective layers surrounding the brain and spinal cord. While it may sound intimidating, understanding this condition is crucial for anyone seeking knowledge about brain health. Whether you are someone interested in learning more about neurological disorders or supporting a loved one through their diagnosis, this article aims to provide insightful and accessible information.
Here’s an overview of meningioma, including its causes, symptoms, and treatment;
Causes
The exact cause of meningiomas remains unknown. However, researchers have identified several potential risk factors that may contribute to their development:
- Gender
- Hormonal factors
- Radiation exposure
- Genetic syndromes
While these risk factors may play a role in some cases, most individuals diagnosed with meningioma do not possess any identifiable risk factors.
Symptoms
The symptoms experienced by individuals with meningioma vary depending on the tumour’s size, location, and proximity to vital brain structures. Common symptoms include:
- Headaches: Persistent headaches that worsen over time may occur, often due to increased pressure within the skull.
- Seizures: Meningiomas can irritate the surrounding brain tissue, leading to seizures or convulsions.
- Vision and hearing problems: Tumors located near the optic nerves or auditory pathways may cause vision loss or hearing difficulties.
- Weakness and numbness: Meningiomas in certain areas can result in muscle weakness or numbness in specific body parts.
- Personality and cognitive changes: In some cases, meningiomas can cause behavioural changes, mood swings, memory problems, and difficulty concentrating.
It is important to note that these symptoms are not exclusive to meningioma and may indicate other health conditions as well. If you experience any concerning symptoms persistently, it is crucial to consult a healthcare professional for a proper diagnosis.
Diagnosing meningioma
The diagnosis of meningioma involves various medical assessments and imaging techniques aimed at identifying the presence of a tumour and determining its characteristics.
Medical history and physical examination
During an initial consultation, your doctor will inquire about your medical history and any symptoms you are experiencing. A thorough physical examination will be conducted to assess neurological functions such as reflexes, coordination, and sensory responses.
Imaging tests
Several imaging tests may be recommended:
- MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging): This non-invasive procedure uses powerful magnets and radio waves to create detailed images of the brain from different angles.
- CT (Computed Tomography) Scan: CT scans utilize X-rays taken from various angles to produce cross-sectional images of the brain.
These imaging tests help determine the location, size, shape, and characteristics of the meningioma, aiding in treatment planning.
Treatment options
The treatment approach for a meningioma depends on various factors, including the tumor’s size, location, growth rate, and overall health of the patient.
Treatment options may include;
Observation: monitoring the tumour
In certain cases, observation may be recommended as an initial approach for treating meningiomas. This strategy involves regular monitoring of the tumour’s growth through imaging tests such as MRI scans. Observation is often considered when the tumour is small in size, located in a less critical area of the brain, and not causing any significant symptoms or impairments. During this period of observation, your healthcare team will closely monitor the tumour’s progression and ensure timely intervention if necessary.
Radiation therapy
Radiation therapy utilizes high-energy beams to destroy cancer cells and shrink tumours. It is a valuable treatment modality for meningiomas, particularly in cases where complete surgical removal is not possible or when the tumour shows signs of regrowth.
Hormonal therapies
Some meningiomas are hormone-sensitive, meaning they respond to hormones like estrogen or progesterone. Hormonal therapies can be utilized to disrupt these hormonal pathways and slow down tumour growth. Medications such as somatostatin analogs or aromatase inhibitors are commonly employed for this purpose.
Chemotherapy.
While chemotherapy is not a standard treatment for most meningiomas, it may be considered if other options have proven ineffective or in cases where aggressive or recurrent tumours are present. Chemotherapy utilizes powerful drugs to attack and destroy cancer cells.
Clinical trials: Pioneering new frontiers
Participation in clinical trials is an option that should be discussed with your healthcare team. Clinical trials offer access to innovative treatments, including new drugs, therapies, or surgical techniques that are being evaluated for safety and efficacy. By participating in a clinical trial, you may contribute to medical advancements while potentially benefiting from cutting-edge treatments.
Medications
In certain situations, medications like hormone therapy or targeted drug therapies may be prescribed to manage symptoms or impede tumour growth. These treatments are typically used in combination with surgery or radiation therapy.
Surgery
Surgical removal is a common treatment method for meningiomas. The aim is to safely remove as much of the tumour as possible while preserving neurological function. Advances in surgical techniques, such as intraoperative imaging and awake brain mapping, have significantly improved outcomes and reduced associated risks.
Supportive Care: enhancing quality of life
Supportive Care plays a crucial role in the overall well-being of individuals undergoing meningioma treatment. It encompasses various supportive measures aimed at managing symptoms, improving quality of life, and addressing emotional and psychological needs. Supportive care services may include pain management, physical therapy, counselling, support groups, and palliative Care.
External beam radiation
External beam radiation involves delivering focused radiation from outside the body directly to the tumour site. This method precisely targets the meningioma while sparing healthy surrounding tissues. Modern techniques such as intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) and proton therapy further enhance precision and reduce side effects.
Stereotactic radiosurgery
Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) delivers a concentrated dose of radiation to the tumour with exceptional accuracy while minimizing exposure to healthy brain tissue. Despite its name, SRS is non-surgical and typically completed in a single session or a few sessions, depending on the case.
Craniotomy
Most meningioma surgeries involve a craniotomy, a surgical procedure where a bone flap is temporarily removed from the skull to access and remove the tumour. Surgeons employ advanced techniques like image guidance systems and intraoperative monitoring to optimize surgical precision while minimizing risks.
Conclusion
Understanding meningioma empowers individuals to recognize its symptoms, seek timely medical attention, and explore suitable treatment options. While a meningioma diagnosis can be daunting, advancements in medical science have significantly improved outcomes and quality of life for patients. By staying informed and proactive, individuals can make informed decisions regarding their health and well-being. Remember, you are not alone on this journey; there is an extensive network of healthcare professionals and support groups ready to guide you through every step.